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Formation: V-plain / い-adj plain / な-adj + である / N + である + 以上（は）

The 以上 clause states a fact or commitment that is already settled, and the main clause gives the conclusion that follows from it. That conclusion is usually an obligation, resolve, judgment or advice, such as 〜なければならない, 〜べきだ, 〜つもりだ or 〜できない. The tone is firm and rather formal, and it is common in editorials, rules and arguments. The main clause should not be a simple neutral report of a past event. 〜からには is almost the same but sounds a little more conversational and stresses personal determination. 〜上は is stiffer and more literary. Do not confuse it with 以上 meaning 'more than' or 'the above'.

Variants: 以上、以上は、である以上

Examples

• 約束した以上は、守らなければならない。
  Now that you have made a promise, you must keep it.
• 公人である以上、発言には責任を持つべきだ。
  Since you are a public figure, you should take responsibility for what you say.
• 証拠がない以上、彼を犯人と決めつけることはできない。
  As long as there is no evidence, we cannot conclude that he is the culprit.

In real texts 0 occurrence(s)

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