文法 Grammar bank

Every grammar pattern explained on the blog, with links to each article it appeared in.

N1

〜（が）ゆえ（に） because of, owing to (formal, literary) 0×
〜（よ）うが〜まいが whether (one does) or not, (it makes no difference) 0×
〜（よ）うが／（よ）うと no matter (how/what/who); even if 0×
〜（よ）うにも〜ない even if one tries/wants to (do), one cannot 0×
〜いかんで／いかんによって depending on (how X turns out) (formal) 0×
〜いかんによらず／いかんにかかわらず regardless of (what X is) (formal) 0×
〜かいがある／かいもなく worth the effort (paid off) / despite the effort (it was in vain) 0×
〜がうかがえる one can infer / it can be seen that 1×
〜からある／からの as much as, a good (X) or more (stressing a large amount) 0×
〜から成る consist of, be made up of 0×
〜が早いか no sooner had X than Y; the moment X 0×
〜か否か whether or not 0×
〜きらいがある have a (bad) tendency to, be inclined to 0×
〜こそすれ if anything (X), but certainly not (the opposite Y) 0×
〜ごとき／ごとく like, as (if) (classical); N+ごとき: the likes of 0×
〜ずくめ nothing but, entirely X (everything about it is X) 0×
〜ずにはおかない／ないではおかない will inevitably make (someone feel/do); will definitely (do) without fail 0×
〜ずにはすまない／ないではすまない will have to (do); won't get away without doing 0×
〜すら even (an extreme example, implying everything else too) 0×
〜そばから no sooner (done) than (undone), repeatedly 0×
〜たところで even if (one does X), it's no use / it won't make much difference 0×
〜だに even just (thinking/hearing); (with negative) not even 0×
〜たら最後／たが最後 once (X happens), that's it (inevitably, something irreversible follows) 0×
〜たりとも（〜ない） not even (one); not a single (X) 0×
〜たる（もの） anyone who is (X) (should); befitting one who is (X) 0×
〜ったらない／といったらない so (X) it's beyond words, extremely 0×
〜であれ／であろうと whether it be X, whatever X is; even if (it is) X 0×
〜てからというもの ever since (X), (things have changed) 0×
〜でもあるまい it's not as if (one were X); surely it's not worth (doing) 0×
〜ても差し支えない it is acceptable to, there is no problem if (formal) 0×
〜ても始まらない it's no use (doing); doing X won't get you anywhere 0×
〜てやまない never cease to (hope, love, wish); (feel) deeply and lastingly 0×
〜とあって because (of a special circumstance), as might be expected given X 0×
〜とあれば if it is (for) X, then (naturally / I'd even) 0×
〜というところだ／といったところだ about, roughly; at most (X); more or less at the stage of X 0×
〜といえども even (X), even though; however (X) may be 0×
〜ところを見ると judging from the fact that (something observed) 0×
〜とは (surprise) to think that…!; (definition) X is / X means 0×
〜とはいえ although (it is true that X), even so 0×
〜ともあろう（者が） someone of such (a respected position), of all people, (shouldn't…) 0×
〜ともすれば (if one isn't careful) apt to, liable to 0×
〜ともなく／ともなしに without really meaning to, idly; (question word +) from somewhere unknown 0×
〜ともなると／ともなれば once it reaches (a notable level, status or time), naturally… 0×
〜と見える it seems that, apparently (an inference drawn from evidence) 0×
〜と言わざるを得ない one has to say, it must be said (reluctant, usually critical judgment) 0×
〜と思いきや I thought (X), but contrary to expectation (Y) 0×
〜と相まって combined with, together with (factors reinforcing each other) 0×
〜ないまでも even if not (to that extent), at least 0×
〜ないものでもない it is not impossible that; might (under some conditions) 0×
〜ながらにして while staying in a state; (from birth), without even moving 0×
〜なくして（は） without (X), (Y is impossible) 0×
〜なしに／ことなしに without (X); without doing (X) 0×
〜ならではの unique to / only possible with 1×
〜なり as soon as, the moment (and then, unexpectedly) 0×
〜なり〜なり either X or Y (or something like that) 0×
〜にかこつけて under the pretext of, using (X) as an excuse 0×
〜にして only at (a stage); even (X); both X and Y; in (an instant) 0×
〜には及ばない there is no need to; is no match for 0×
〜には当たらない there is no need to (be surprised, blame, etc.); it's not worth 0×
〜にもまして even more than (X); above all 0×
〜に引き換え in contrast to, unlike (subjective, often critical comparison) 0×
〜に越したことはない it is best to, nothing is better than (though not essential) 0×
〜に堪えない too awful to (watch/hear); deeply (grateful, regretful) 0×
〜に関わる affecting, having a serious bearing on (life, honour, reputation) 0×
〜に及んで when things reached the point of, at this (late) stage 0×
〜に至って（ようやく） only when it came to (a serious point), finally 0×
〜に至っては as for (the most extreme case), when it comes to X 0×
〜に至る reach, come to (a stage or result after a process) 0×
〜に至るまで (everything) down to, even, all the way to 0×
〜に即して／に即した in line with, true to (facts, the actual situation) 0×
〜に足る worthy of, enough to (justify) 0×
〜に値する be worth (doing), deserve 0×
〜のみならず not only (X), but also (Y) 0×
〜の極み the height of, the utmost 0×
〜の至り the utmost (honour, embarrassment); (若気の至り) youthful folly 0×
〜べからず／べからざる must not (prohibition); べからざる: that must not or cannot be 0×
〜べく in order to (formal, written) 0×
〜までだ／までのことだ (if so) will simply do; merely did (nothing more) 0×
〜までもない there is no need to (go as far as), it goes without saying 0×
〜まみれ covered in, smeared with (dirt, blood, sweat; figuratively debt) 0×
〜めく／めいた show signs of, have the air of, -ish 0×
〜もかまわず without caring about, paying no heed to 0×
〜もさることながら X matters too, of course, but (Y even more) 0×
〜ものを if only (but it didn't happen); even though (regret, reproach) 0×
〜や否や as soon as, the moment (and immediately) 0×
〜をおいて（ほかに〜ない） no one / nothing but X; (何をおいても) before anything else 0×
〜をもって with, by means of; as of (a time limit) (formal) 0×
〜をものともせず（に） undaunted by, defying (a difficulty or hardship) 0×
〜をよそに paying no attention to, unaffected by (others' worry, opposition, etc.) 0×
〜を機に taking (X) as an opportunity (to make a change) 0×
〜を禁じ得ない cannot help feeling; cannot suppress (an emotion) 0×
〜を経て via (a place); after going through (a process or period) 0×
〜を限りに as of (X), (something ends); X is the last time 0×
〜を顧みず without regard for (danger, oneself, family, others) 0×
〜を口実に using (X) as an excuse or pretext 0×
〜を手がかりに using (X) as a clue or lead 0×
〜を踏まえて taking (X) into account, building on (X) 0×
〜を皮切りに（して） starting with (X, followed by a series of similar events) 0×
〜を余儀なくさせる force, compel (someone into an unwanted action) 0×
〜を余儀なくされる be forced (by circumstances) to, have no choice but to 0×
〜極まる／極まりない extremely, utterly; the height of (usually negative) 0×
〜限りだ extremely, truly (the speaker's own feeling: so happy, so lonely) 0×
〜始末だ end up (doing something bad); things got so bad that 0×
今となっては now (that things have come to this) / at this point 1×

N2

〜あまり so much that; out of excessive (feeling) 0×
〜うちに while (still), before (a state changes); in the course of 0×
〜おかげで thanks to, because of (a good result); ironically, a bad one 0×
〜がち tend to, be prone to (usually something undesirable) 0×
〜かと思ったら／かと思うと no sooner had X than Y; I thought X, but actually 0×
〜かねない could well (happen), might (lead to a bad result) 0×
〜かねる cannot (bring oneself to), be unable to (polite refusal) 0×
〜かのように as if, as though (when it isn't actually so) 0×
〜からこそ precisely because, it is because (X) that 0×
〜からして starting with, even (X, let alone the rest); judging from 0×
〜からすると／からすれば judging from; from the standpoint of 0×
〜からといって just because (X), it doesn't follow that (Y) 0×
〜からには now that, since (X), (naturally / one must) Y 0×
〜から言うと／から言えば in terms of, from the viewpoint of, speaking from 0×
〜きり only, just; since (X), nothing further has happened 0×
〜くせに even though (critical, scornful or resentful) 0×
〜げ seemingly, looking (sad, proud…), with an air of 0×
〜ことから from the fact that; because (basis for a conclusion or name) 0×
〜ことだ you should; the best thing is to (advice) 0×
〜ことなく without (doing); never once (doing) 0×
〜ことに (emotion word +) to one's surprise / regret / delight… 0×
〜ことには what is (surprising, troubling) is that; according to what X says 0×
〜ことはない there is no need to 0×
〜さえ even (an extreme example); on top of that, even 0×
〜さえ〜ば as long as, if only (this one condition is met) 0×
〜ざるを得ない have no choice but to (reluctantly); can't avoid (concluding) 0×
〜しかない have no choice but to; there is nothing for it but to 0×
〜せいか perhaps because, maybe due to 0×
〜だけあって as might be expected of, true to (its reputation) 0×
〜だけに precisely because; all the more because 0×
〜だけのことはある no wonder; it lives up to (its price or reputation) 0×
〜たところ when (I) did X, (I found / it turned out that) Y 0×
〜たとたん（に） the moment (X happened), (suddenly / unexpectedly Y) 0×
〜たびに every time, whenever (X happens, Y always happens) 0×
〜だらけ full of, covered with (something unwanted) 0×
〜ついでに while (doing X anyway), taking the opportunity to also do Y 0×
〜つつ while (doing) / although 2×
〜つつある be in the process of (changing), be gradually (becoming) 0×
〜てしょうがない extremely, so (X) one can't stand it (casual) 0×
〜てたまらない unbearably (X); dying to (do) 0×
〜てならない can't help feeling (X), feel terribly (X) 0×
〜てはいられない can't afford to keep (doing), can't just stay (in this state) 0×
〜てはじめて only after (doing / experiencing X) did one (realize / become able to) 0×
〜ということだ I hear that (hearsay); that means, in other words 0×
〜というと／といえば speaking of, when it comes to; (X), you mean…? 0×
〜というものだ that's what (X) really is; (doing that) is simply (unreasonable, etc.) 0×
〜というものではない it does not follow that; it's not simply a matter of (X) 0×
〜というより rather than (X), (it's more accurate to say Y) 0×
〜というわけだ that is why; which means, so (it follows that) 0×
〜といっても although (one may say X), it's not as much as you'd think 0×
〜とかで because, apparently; something about (vague hearsay reason) 0×
〜どころか far from (X, actually the opposite); let alone, not even 0×
〜どころではない this is no time for, in no state for; out of the question 0×
〜ところを at a time when (apology/thanks); (caught) in the act of; whereas normally 0×
〜とされる is said / considered / held to be 1×
〜としたら／とすれば if, supposing that (X is the case) 0×
〜として as (in the role, capacity or status of) 0×
〜としても even if, even supposing (X), (Y still holds) 0×
〜とともに together with; as (one change brings another); at the same time as 0×
〜とは限らない not necessarily; not always (there are exceptions) 0×
〜ないことには unless (X happens first), (Y can't happen) 0×
〜ないことはない it's not that (one) doesn't / can't; it is possible, but… 0×
〜ないではいられない／ずにはいられない can't help (doing), can't stop oneself from (doing) 0×
〜ながら（も） although, despite (being X) 0×
〜など／なんか／なんて things like; the likes of (often dismissive, modest or surprised) 1×
〜にあたって／にあたり on the occasion of, when about to (undertake something important) 0×
〜において／における in, at (formal: place, time, field); in terms of 0×
〜にかかわらず regardless of, whether or not 0×
〜にかけては when it comes to (a skill or ability), X is second to none 0×
〜にしたら／にすれば from (X's) point of view, as far as X is concerned 0×
〜にしては for (an X), considering X (the result is unexpected) 1×
〜にしても even if, even granting (X); whether A or B; even (X) too 0×
〜にしろ／にせよ even if (X); whether A or B, either way 0×
〜にすぎない merely, no more than, only 0×
〜につき per; owing to (formal notices); concerning 0×
〜につけ（て） whenever (one sees/hears X, a feeling arises); whether A or B 0×
〜につれて as (one thing changes, another changes) 1×
〜にほかならない is nothing other than, is precisely 0×
〜にもかかわらず despite, in spite of, even though 0×
〜によって／により by (agent / means); due to; depending on 0×
〜にわたって over, throughout (a whole period, area or range) 0×
〜に違いない must be, there is no doubt that 0×
〜に沿って along; in line with (a plan, policy or wishes) 0×
〜に応えて in response to, meeting (expectations, requests, cheers) 0×
〜に応じて in accordance with / depending on 1×
〜に加えて in addition to, on top of 0×
〜に関して／に関する regarding, concerning, about 0×
〜に基づいて based on, on the basis of (data, law, facts) 0×
〜に及ぶ reach, extend to, amount to (stressing large scale) 0×
〜に限って of all (people/times), just when; only (in notices); X, of all people, wouldn't 0×
〜に限らず not only (X), not limited to (X); (others) as well 0×
〜に限る nothing beats X, X is best; (in rules) is limited to 0×
〜に向けて toward (a goal or event); aimed at (an audience); heading for 0×
〜に際して on the occasion of, at the time of (a special event) 0×
〜に従って as (X changes, Y changes too); in accordance with, following 0×
〜に先立って／に先立ち prior to, ahead of (an important event) 0×
〜に対して toward, against (a target); whereas, in contrast to; per 0×
〜に耐える／に堪える withstand, endure (耐える); be worth, stand up to (堪える) 0×
〜に代わって in place of, replacing; on behalf of (someone) 0×
〜に伴って／に伴い along with, as (one change brings another); due to 0×
〜に反して contrary to (expectations); in violation of (a rule) 0×
〜のもとで／のもとに under (someone's guidance, a condition, a name or banner) 0×
〜ば〜ほど the more… the more 0×
〜ばかりか not only… but also (even) 0×
〜ばかりだ keeps (getting worse); does nothing but; all that remains is 0×
〜ばかりに simply because (of one thing), (something bad happened) 0×
〜はともかく setting (X) aside, regardless of (X); X may be questionable, but 0×
〜はもちろん not to mention (X); X of course, and also Y 0×
〜は別として apart from, except for; leaving (X) aside 0×
〜ほどではない not as (X) as; not serious enough to (warrant doing) 0×
〜まい will not (resolve); probably not (conjecture) 0×
〜ものか as if (I would)!; certainly not 0×
〜ものがある there is something (truly X) about it; it is quite X 0×
〜ものだ it's natural that; one should; used to (nostalgia); how… (exclamation) 0×
〜ものだから because, you see (explaining or excusing oneself) 0×
〜ものなら if one could (unlikely); if one dared (it would be dreadful) 0×
〜ものの although, but (expected result does not follow) 0×
〜やら〜やら what with… and…; things like… and… (and so on) 0×
〜ようがない there is no way to (do), it is impossible to (do) 0×
〜よりほかない have no choice but to; there is nothing for it but to 0×
〜わけがない there is no way that, it can't possibly be 0×
〜わけではない it is not that, it doesn't (necessarily) mean that 0×
〜わけにはいかない cannot (for social or moral reasons); with ない: must 0×
〜わりに（は） considering, for (X) (the result is unexpected) 0×
〜をきっかけに taking (X) as a trigger, prompted by; X was what started it 0×
〜をはじめ（として） starting with, including (X as the leading example) 0×
〜をめぐって／をめぐる over, surrounding (an issue in dispute or debate) 0×
〜をもとに based on, using (X) as source material 0×
〜を契機に taking (X) as a turning point or trigger (formal) 0×
〜を込めて with (a feeling, wish or effort) put into it 0×
〜を中心に centering on, focusing on, mainly in or among 0×
〜を通して／を通じて through, via (a medium or experience); throughout (a period) 0×
〜を抜きにして（は） leaving out, setting aside; without X (Y is impossible) 0×
〜を問わず regardless of, whether (A or B), no matter (what X is) 0×
〜以上（は） now that, since, as long as (so naturally / must) 0×
〜一方（で） while, whereas; on the other hand; at the same time 0×
〜一方だ keep on (increasing / getting worse), more and more 0×
〜気味 a touch of, slightly, a bit (usually an undesirable condition) 0×
〜挙げ句（に） after (much trouble or effort), in the end (usually a bad result) 0×
〜恐れがある there is a risk that (something bad may happen) 0×
〜限り as long as; unless (ない限り); to the limit of 0×
〜限りでは as far as (I know / have seen / have heard) 0×
〜向け intended for, aimed at (a target group or market) 0×
〜次第 as soon as (X happens, I will / please do Y) 0×
〜次第だ／次第で depends on; depending on (X decides the outcome) 0×
〜次第です that is why, that is how it came about (formal explanation) 0×
〜上（じょう） from the standpoint of, in terms of, for reasons of; on (the internet, a map) 0×
〜上で after (first) doing X, then Y; in (doing), when it comes to 0×
〜上に on top of, in addition to, not only… but also 0×
〜上は now that (X is so), (one must / is determined to) Y 0×
〜切る／切れない do completely, to the end / cannot finish, too many to 0×
〜代わりに instead of; in exchange for; but on the other hand 0×
〜得る／得ない can, could possibly (happen) / cannot possibly 0×
〜末（に） after (a long or difficult process), finally 0×
たとえ〜ても even if (X were the case), (Y still holds) 0×

N3

〜っぽい -ish, has the feel of; tends to (do) 1×
〜に合わせて to match / in line with / timed to coincide with 1×

Other

〜こなす (do something) skilfully, master; handle with ease 1×
〜てもおかしくない it wouldn't be strange if; could well be 1×
〜やん／〜やろ（関西弁） Kansai dialect: やん = isn't it / じゃん; やろ = I wonder / だろう 1×