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〜なくして(は)

N1

without (X), (Y is impossible)

Formation: N + なくして(は); V-dictionary + ことなくして(は)

〜なくして(は) says that X is an essential condition: without X, Y cannot happen. The main clause is therefore negative or expresses impossibility, for example 〜ない, 〜できない, ありえない, or 難しい. It is formal and typical of speeches, editorials and statements of principle, and it usually follows abstract nouns such as 努力, 理解, 協力 or 愛. Compare 〜なしに/ことなしに, which simply means 'without (doing)' and does not need a negative main clause. 〜ないことには expresses the same 'unless X, not Y' logic in a more conversational way, and 〜を抜きにして(は) means 'leaving X out' and is less solemn.

Variants: 〜なくして、〜なくしては、〜ことなくして(は)

Examples

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